Sunday, October 25, 2015

Palmyra 2 of 3 - The Achilles Tendon

nd: Another Achilles Tendon of the U.S.A. or Exposing Agents/Pirates/Pillagers/Genocide Activists In History

PALMYRA ISLAND:  ANOTHER ACHILLES TENDON OF THE U.S.A. or Exposing Agents/Pirates/Pillagers/Genocide Activists In History
                                                                         Overview by Amelia Gora (2015)
In 1862, Kamehameha IV - Alexander Liholiho claimed Palmyra Islands.
In 1859, Palmyra Islands was annexed to the U.S. by Dr. J.P./G.P.  Judd  who was an agent to the American Guano Co. on the brig "Josephine".  He was a subject of the Hawaiian Kingdom. 
Background:
In 1849, Judd was in an Impeachment Proceeding filed in 1849 by G.M. Robertson.
In 1853, Judd had enough of smallpox vaccines to innoculate everyone but he gave vaccinations to selected family, friends, and some Hawaiians.  Thousands of innocents died.
Judd retired from office.
The Hawaiian Kingdom was so kind to forgive the wretched man who was a former Minister of Finance, and they passed a Joint Resolution For Relief of G.P. Judd "late Minister of Finance, he is hereby released, forever, from all responsibility to His Majesty's Government, for a certain sum of money amounting to $2,930.44 which appears upon the books of the Department of Finance, debited to "Deficiency Account" under date of 23'd June, AD 1852."  Approved April 20, 1859.
In 1859, Judd's son, one of nine (9) children, left for Baker's Island, one of the islands in the Pacific were said to be "pioneers in peopling Uncle Sam's most western domains..."  
Charles H. Judd was the Chamberlain for Kamehameha V - Lot.  
Gerritt Parmele Judd died in 1873.
His son Albert Francis Judd helped to dethrone Queen Liliuokalani twenty years later or in 1893.

The following article shows some of the history of Palmyra, and read the views of Dr. Craven, and Professor Wlliamson Chang who defended the Painter family in the Palmyra Island case.  
Sadly, Professor Chang was heavily penalized by the Federal Courts for defending the kanaka maoli over time.

PALMYRA ATOLL


 
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PALMYRA ATOLL

Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll 2010-03-18, EO-1 ALI bands 5-4-3-1, 15m resolution.png
EO-1 Satellite Image of Palmyra Atoll.
Palmyra Atoll is located in Pacific Ocean
Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll
Location of Palmyra Atoll in the Pacific Ocean
Geography
Coordinates
ArchipelagoNorth Pacific
Total islands4
Area12 km2 (4.6 sq mi)
Coastline14 km (8.7 mi)
Highest elevation1.8288 m (6 ft)
Country
 United States 
Palmyra Atoll is under the administration of the Office of Insular Affairs
Demographics
Population4 - 10
Additional information
Template:Designation list
Palmyra Atoll /pælˈmaɪrə/ is an unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as anunorganized incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The variable temporary population of 4–20 "non-occupants" are staffand scientists employed by various departments of the US government and The Nature Conservancy,[2] as well as a rotating mix of Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium[3]scholars pursuing research.
Palmyra is one of the Northern Line Islands (southeast ofKingman Reef and north ofKiribati Line Islands), located almost due south of theHawaiian Islands, roughly halfway between Hawaii andAmerican Samoa. The atoll is 4.6 sq mi (12 km2), and it is located in the equatorial Northern Pacific Ocean. Its 9 mi (14 km) of coastline has one anchorage known as West Lagoon.
The atoll consists of an extensive reef, two shallow lagoons, and some 50 sand and reef-rock islets and bars covered with vegetation—mostlycoconut trees, Scaevola, and tallPisonia trees.
The islets of the atoll are mostly connected. Sand Island and the two Home Islets in the west and Barren Island in the east are not. The largest island isCooper Island in the north, followed by Kaula Island in the south. The northern arch of islets is formed by Strawn Island, Cooper Island, Aviation Island, Quail Island, Whippoorwill Island, followed in the east by Eastern Island, Papala Island, and Pelican Island, and in the south by Bird Island, Holei Island, Engineer Island, Tanager Island, Marine Island, Kaula Island, Paradise Island, and Home Island (clockwise). Average annual rainfall is approximately 175 in (4,400 mm) per year. Daytime temperatures average 85 °F (29 °C) year round.

POLITICAL STATUS

Palmyra is an incorporated territory of the United States (the only such territory in existence since 1959), meaning that it is subject to all provisions of the U.S. Constitution and is permanently under American sovereignty. However, since Palmyra is also an unorganized territory, there is no Act of Congress specifying how Palmyra should be governed. Palmyra is also uninhabited, as far as permanent residents are concerned.
The only relevant Federal law simply gives the President the authority to administer Palmyra as he best sees fit (see Section 48 of the Hawaii Omnibus Act, Pub. L. 86–624, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 411, attached as a note to former sections 491 to 636 of Title 48, United States Code[4]).

The issue of the governing of Palmyra is generally a moot point, since there is no permanent population remaining there, nor any reason to think that there will be in the future. Palmyra is the only unorganized incorporated territory of the US. Cooper Island in this atoll is owned by The Nature Conservancy, and it is managed as a nature reserve. The rest of Palmyra is Federal land and waters under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[5] Since Palmyra has no local government at all, it is administered directly fromWashington, D.C., by the Office of Insular Affairs, of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
For all other purposes, Palmyra is counted as one of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
There is no current economic activity on Palmyra. Most of the roads and causeways there were built during World War II. All of these are now unserviceable and overgrown with bushes and grass. There is a 2,000-meter-long, unpaved, airstrip on Cooper Island (Palmyra (Cooper) Airport, ICAO code PLPA), that was built for the Navy during WW II.
A construction program in 2004 consisted of several two-person bungalows and showers for the temporary residents. Fresh water is collected from the roof of a concrete building in this area. The communal buildings of the area on the north side of Cooper Island (the only occupied area of the atoll) consist of a common cooking and dining building next to the only sea dock, and there is a kayak and scuba diving equipment storage building adjacent to this.
Palmyra Atoll's location in the Pacific Ocean, where the southern and northern currents meet, means that its beaches are littered with trash and debris. Plastic mooring buoys and plastic bottles are plentiful on the beaches of Palmyra.

HISTORY

Palmyra was first sighted in 1798 by captain Edmund Fanning of Stonington, Connecticut, master of the American merchant ship Betsy,on a voyage to Asia. Fanning had woken three times during the night before. After the third time, he took it as a premonition, and he ordered Betsy to heave to for the rest of the night. The next morning, Betsy resumed sailing, but only about a nautical milefurther on, she reached the reef of Palmyra. Had the ship continued on her course at night, the ship might have been wrecked.[6] On November 7, 1802, USS Palmyra under Captain Sawle was shipwrecked on the reef, which was given the name of this vessel.
In 1859, Palmyra Atoll was claimed for the United States by Dr. Gerrit P. Juddof the brig Josephine, in accordance with the Guano Islands Act of 1856, but there was no guano there to be mined. On February 26, 1862, KingKamehameha IV of Hawaii commissioned Captain Zenas Bent and Johnson Beswick Wilkinson, both Hawaiian citizens, to take possession of the atoll. On April 15, 1862, it was formally annexed to the Kingdom of Hawaii, while Bent and Wilkinson became joint owners.[7]
Over the next century, ownership of the atoll passed through various hands. Bent sold his rights to Palmyra to Wilkinson on December 25, 1862. Palmyra later passed to Kalama Wilkinson (Johnson's widow). In 1885, it was then divided between three heirs, two of whom immediately gave their rights to William Luther Wilcox who, in turn, gave them to the Pacific Navigation Company. In 1897, this company was liquidated, and its interests were sold first to William Ansel Kinney, and then to Fred Wunderburg.[8]
The third Wilkinson heir sold his rights to William Ringer.[9]
Meanwhile, in 1889, Commander Nichols of HMS Cormorant claimed Palmyra for the United Kingdom, unaware of the prior claim made by Hawaii.[10]
In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii, and Palmyra with it. On June 14, 1900, Palmyra became part of the new Territory of Hawaii.[7] To end all British claims, Congress passed a second act of annexation in 1911. This act made Palmyra the only "incorporated territory" of the United States at that time.
With imminent opening of the Panama Canal, Palmyra became strategically important. Britain had established a submarine cable station for the All Red Line on nearby Fanning Island.[11] So the U.S. Navy sent USS West Virginia to Palmyra, where on February 21, 1912, American sovereignty was formally reaffirmed.[7]
In 1912, Henry Ernest Cooper (1857–1929) acquired William Ringer's property rights to Palmyra and, after a challenge in court, he became the sole owner of the atoll.[9] Cooper visited the island in July 1913 with the scientists Charles Montague Cooke, Jr., and Joseph F. Rock, who wrote up a scientific description of the atoll.[12]
On August 19, 1922, Cooper sold the whole atoll except two minor islets to Leslie and Ellen Fullard-Leo for $15,000. They established the Palmyra Copra Company to harvest the coconuts growing on the atoll. Their three sons, including actor Leslie Vincent, continued as the owners afterwards, except for the period of administration by the Navy during World War II (1940–1945).

U.S. NAVY OCCUPATION (1934-1959)

In 1934, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra were placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy. The Navy took over the atoll for use as the Palmyra Island Naval Air Station on August 15, 1941. From November 1939 through 1947, the atoll had resident Federal Government representatives, the island commanders.
After World War II, much of the Naval Air Station was demolished, with some of the materials piled up and burned on the atoll, dumped into the lagoon, or in the case of unexploded ordnance on some islets, just left in place.[13] After the war, the Fullard-Leo family sued for the return of the ownership of Palmyra Atoll. The case went all the way up to the Supreme Court. The family won its case in United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256 (1947).[14] As of 2007, descendants of Henry Cooper still owned the two small islets not sold in 1922.[7]

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION (1959-PRESENT)

When Hawaii was admitted to the United States in 1959, Palmyra was explicitly separated from the new state as a federal incorporated territory, administered by the Department of the Interior.[7] In 1962, the Department of Defense used Palmyra as an observation site during several high-altitude nuclear weaponstests high above Johnston Atoll. A group of about ten men supported the observation posts during this series of tests, while about 40 people carried out the observations.
In December 2000, most of Palmyra Atoll was bought by The Nature Conservancy[7] for coral reef conservation and research. In 2003, a scientific study was published about fossilized coral that was washing up on Palmyra. This fossilized coral was examined for evidence of the behavior of the effect ofEl Niño on the tropical Pacific Ocean over the past 1,000 years.[15]
In November 2005, The Nature Conservancy established up a new research station on Palmyra to study global warming, the disappearing coral reefs,invasive species, and other environmental concerns.[16]
The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, including Palmyra Atoll, was established on January 6, 2009. The Secretary of the Interior has delegated the responsibility for supervising this National Monument to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[17]

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

On January 18, 2001, the Secretary of the Interior signed an order designating Palmyra’s tidal lands, submerged lands, and surrounding waters out to 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the water’s edge as a National Wildlife Refuge. Subsequently, the Department of the Interior published a regulation providing for the management of the refuge. 66 Fed. Reg. 7660-01 (January 24, 2001). The regulation states, in pertinent part, as follows:
"We will close the refuge to commercial fishing but will permit a low level of compatible recreational fishing for bonefishing and deep water sportfishing under programs that we will carefully manage to ensure compatibility with refuge purposes. . . . Management actions will include protection of the refuge waters and wildlife from commercial fishing activities."
In March 2003, The Nature Conservancy conveyed 416 acres (1.68 km2) of the emergent land of Palmyra to the United States to be included in the refuge. It subsequently added 28 more acres to the conveyance.
In January 2007, commercial fishing interests sued the United States in theCourt of Federal Claims alleging that, under the Takings Clause, the Interior Department regulation had “directly confiscated, taken, and rendered wholly and completely worthless” their purported property interests. The United States filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, and the court granted the motion.[18] On April 9, 2009, the court's decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.[19]
In 2011, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, and Island Conservation began an extensive program to eradicate the large population of non-native rats that had arrived on Palmyra during World War II. As many as 30,000 rats once roamed the atoll, eating the eggs of native seabirds and destroying the seedlings of one the largest remaining stands ofPisonia grandis trees in the Pacific. These efforts were successfully concluded in 2012--with respect to rodent removal, however fifty-one animal samples representing 15 species of birds, fish, reptiles and invertebrates were collected for residue analysis during systematic searches or as nontarget mortalities. Brodifacoum residues (the toxicant employed during the project) were detected in most (84.3%) of the samples analyzed with unknown long-term and sublethal effects.[20][21]
Limited visits to the refuge are allowed, including by private recreational sailboat or motorboat. Visits must have prior approval, with access to Cooper Island arranged through the Nature Conservancy.[22]

THE SEA WIND MURDERS

In 1974, Palmyra was the site of the double murder of a wealthy San Diego couple, Malcolm "Mac" Graham and his wife, Eleanor "Muff" Graham.[23] The mysterious deaths, murder conviction of Duane (“Buck”) Walker (aka Wesley G. Walker) and acquittal of his girlfriend, Stephanie Stearns, made headlines nationwide and led to a best-selling account written by Stearns's defense attorney, Vincent Bugliosi, and Bruce B. Henderson in the true crime book And the Sea Will Tell. The book led to a CBS television miniseries by the same name starring James Brolin, Rachel Ward and Hart Bochner. The story was also depicted in The FBI Files.
Walker and Stearns were arrested in Honolulu in 1974 after returning from Palmyra aboard the Sea Wind, a yacht stolen from the Grahams. Because no bodies were found at the time, Walker and Stearns were convicted only for the yacht theft in August 1975. Six years later, a partially buried corroded chest was found in a lagoon at Palmyra, containing Eleanor Graham's remains. Walker and Stearns were arrested in Arizona for murder. Walker was convicted in 1985. Stearns was acquitted in 1986. Walker served 22 years in the United States Penitentiary, Victorville, California before receiving parole in 2007. Walker died on April 26, 2010.

SEE ALSO

REFERENCES

EXTERNAL LINKS

Sovereign states
Entire
In part
Dependenciesand
other territories
Australia
United States
Others
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Insular areas
Outlying islands
Indian reservations
Template:Protected Areas of the United States Minor Outlying Islands

GERRIT P. JUDD


 

GERRIT P. JUDD

Gerrit Parmele Judd
Judd0001.jpg
BornApril 23, 1803
Paris, New York
DiedJuly 12, 1873 (aged 70)
Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii
Resting placeOahu Cemetery
NationalityUnited States
OccupationMissionary, Physician, Politician
Spouse(s)Laura Fish
ChildrenGerrit Parmele II,
Elizabeth Kinaʻu,
Helen Seymour,
Charles Hastings,
Laura Fish,
Albert Francis,
Alan Wilkes,
Sybil Augusta,
Juliet Isabelle
ParentsElnathan Judd
Betsey Hastings
Gerrit Parmele Judd (1803–1873) was an American physician and missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii who later became a trusted advisor and cabinet minister to King Kamehameha III.

LIFE

Judd was born April 23, 1803 inParis, Oneida County, New York, the son of Elnathan Judd and his wife Betsey Hastings. On his mother's side, he was descended from Thomas Hastings, who came from the East Anglian area of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634.
He was educated as a physician at the medical college in Fairfield, New York. He married Laura Fish (1804–1872) on September 20, 1827 in Clinton, Oneida County, New York. The couple sailed toHawaii (then known as the 'Sandwich Islands') that same year, on the ship Parthian, the third company from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.[1] He was assigned to the mission atHonolulu on the island of Oahu, as a missionary physician, and continued in that employment fifteen years.[2]

WORK

In 1842 he resigned from the mission and became an advisor and translator to King Kamehameha III. He also became involved in the civil concerns of the islands, and was the King’s Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 1843 to March 1845, Minister of Interior from March 1845 to February 1846, Minister of Finance from April 1846 to September 1853, and in the House of Representatives from 1858 to 1859.[3]He was commissioned in 1849 as Minister Plenipotentiary to England, France and the United States.
He was one of the founders of the Punahou School for children of the missionaries in 1841. He founded Hawaii's first medical school in 1870, and was the author of one of the first medical texts written in Hawaiian, Anatomia : he palapala ia e hoike ai i ke ano o ko ke kanaka kino, in 1838.
Judd died July 12, 1873 in Honolulu and was buried in the Oahu Cemetery.

LEGACY

They had nine children:[4]
  1. Gerrit Parmele II born March 8, 1829, died November 13, 1839, buried in Oahu Cemetery.
  2. Elizabeth Kinaʻu born July 5, 1831 died August 9, 1918. Married September 29, 1857 toSamuel Gardner Wilder (1831–1888) from Leominster, Massachusetts, six children.
  3. Helen Seymour born August 27, 1833 and died April 2, 1911.
  4. Charles Hastings born September 8, 1835 (twin) died April 18, 1890. Married November 1, 1859 to Emily Catherine Cutts (1840–1921), four children. Worked in the Guano and farming businesses, and held several posts in the Kingdom.[5]
  5. Laura Fish born September 8, 1835 (twin) died November 22, 1888 at San Francisco, California. Married February 22, 1861 to Joshua Gill Dickson (1830–1880), four children.
  6. Albert Francis born January 7, 1838 died May 20, 1900. Married April 4, 1872 to Agnes Hall Boyd (1844–?) nine children. Last child Lawrence M. Judd became Governor of theTerritory of Hawaii in 1929–1934.[6]
  7. Alan Wilkes born April 20, 1840 and died March 26, 1875.
  8. Sybil Augusta born March 16, 1843 and died September 10, 1906. Married February 27, 1862 to Henry Alpheus Peirce Carter (1837–1891), seven children. Son Charles Lunt was a member of the Committee of Safety, and son George Robert was Governor of theTerritory of Hawaii (1903–1907).
  9. Juliet Isabelle born March 28, 1846 and died June 27, 1857.
Judd's life was the basis of the novel The White King. A biography, Dr. Judd, Hawaii’s Friend[7] which was written by his great-grandson Gerrit P. Judd IV (1915–1971) and published in 1960.[8] His papers were kept under restricted access at the Bishop Museum until his great-grandson Albert Francis Judd III died in 2006.[9]
References:
This is Dr. Matthew Craven's Take on International Law perspective on the Hawaiian Islands in 2004:
This is Professor Williamson Chang's take on Palmyra Island in his recent article:
  “Darkness over Hawaii: Annexation Myth Greatest Obstacle to Progress,” Copyright 2015 Professor Williamson B.C. Chang, University of Hawaii at Manoa April 23, 2015 This Article Has been Accepted for Publication by the Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal - University of Hawaii for Volume 16, Spring 2015, If citing Please make the Appropriate Attribution or Citation to that Journal, Page 1 Darkness over Hawaii: Annexation Myth Greatest Obstacle to Progress Williamson Chang, Professor of Law, University of Hawaii at Manoa, William S. Richardson School of Law Copyright 2015

Kanaka Express: A Visit with Professor Williamson Chang ...

hawaiiankingdom.org/.../kanaka-express-a-visit-with-professor-williamso...
Jul 3, 2014 - Professor Williamson Chang visits Kanaka Express and explains the Organic Act to the Lahui. ..... Hawaii on the date of enactment of this Act, except theatoll known as Palmyra Island, .... In any case, the issue deserves a vote.

Testimony of Professor Williamson Chang in Opposition to ...

sacredmaunakea.com/.../testimony-of-professor-williamson-chang-in-op...
Jul 10, 2015 - [Professor Chang is speaking in an individual capacity. ... of this Rule, as in the case of other rules will be punished by criminal penalties. ... Hawaii on the date of enactment of this Act, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island,  ...

[PDF]Testimony of Williamson Chang Professor of Law University ...

https://www.whitehouse.gov/.../a8164fdba223460088c5d8d...
White House
Sep 29, 2009 - Testimony of Williamson Chang “Native Hawaiian Trusteeship over the. Northwestern Hawaiian .... Islands [Palmyra] have a nexus to the Kingdom of Hawaii,.... least in cases where if damage were to a sovereign state, the  ...

[PDF]Darkness over Hawaii: Annexation Myth Greatest Obstacle ...

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/.../Darkness-23Apr2015.pdf?...
by WBC Chang - ‎2015 - ‎Related articles
Apr 23, 2015 - Williamson Chang, Professor of Law, University of Hawaii at Manoa, William S. ... sovereignty and jurisdiction over the Hawaiian Islands as territory of America. .... and the public lands case changed forever the life of Native Hawaiians....... of this Act, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island, together with its  ...

REASONS WHY ANYONE CAN DOCUMENT/PRESS ...

maoliworld.ning.com/forum/topics/reasons-why-anyone-can
Jun 24, 2011 - 5 posts - ‎2 authors
Professor Williamson Jefferson Chang's expertise, documentation from the Halawa Court Case: ... waters, included in the Territory of Hawaii, except the atoll known asPalmyra Island, together with .... Read through quickly, BC Chang and future others can try as they may, the natural court should prevail too!

The Hawaiian Islands ARE NOT Part of the United States...

www.opednews.com/.../The-Hawaiian-Islands-ARE-N-by-Amelia-Gora-...
Jun 27, 2011 - Professor Williamson Chang under penalty of perjury stated the following: ... United States District court for the District of Columbia that relates to thiscase. ... in the Territory of Hawaii, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island,  ...

Lā 144: Mauna Kea: Supreme Court Will Ignore the ...

https://maunaawakea.com/.../la-144-mauna-kea-supreme-court-will-igno...
Aug 16, 2015 - August 16, 2015 Williamson Chang, Professor of Law [In his own capacity] ... date of enactment of this Act, except the atoll known as Palmyra Island,... This was true of the hearings officer in the contested case hearing, of the  ...

Hawaii Supreme Court Hears Mauna Kea Telescope Case ...

www.nytimes.com/.../08/.../ap-us-giant-telescope.html
The New York Times
Aug 27, 2015 - Hawaii's Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a case involving building ... the telescope to be built on conservation land on Hawaii's Big Island. ...Williamson Chang, a law professor at the University of Hawaii who works  ...
Missing: palmyra

VIDEO: Case Against Kale Gumapac Dismissed - Big Island ...

www.bigislandvideonews.com/.../video-case-kale-gumapac-dismissed/
Jul 29, 2014 - Big Island Video News covered the case in a five part series called ...call Dr. Keanu Sai and Professor Williamson Chang as expert witnesses.
Missing: palmyra

US may pursue relationship with Native Hawaiians

www.staradvertiser.com › News › Breaking
Honolulu Star‑Advertiser
May 28, 2014 - ... tribes, said Williamson Chang, law professor at University of Hawaii. ... and the U.S. has full say as to what it can and cannot do," Chang said.
http://maoliworld.ning.com/forum/topics/exposing-some-of-the-highli...
theiolani.blogspot.com
http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037
*********************************
Note:
Dr, Gerritt Parmele Judd was treasonous as can be seen through his actions.
As a Hawaiian subject, could he legally annex an Island to a foreign nation.
According to the  1849/50 Treaty, the Nation should have delivered Judd as a Pirate, Pillager, etc. but instead the U.S. claimed Palmyra as theirs.

Informing many because..............
  
Something STINKS...............(.and I know it's NOT ME) WICKED TO THE MAX!
aloha.
eyes 068
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzcv5TJkJBA  Fifteen Men (Bottle of Rum)

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 20, 2015 at 1:59am
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Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, November 17, 1860, Image 2

Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI

Persistent link: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1860-11-17/ed-1/s...

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 20, 2015 at 2:06am
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Note:  Research incomplete as to Gerritt Judd's claim to annex Palmyra Islands in 1859.
Until such time that evidence is found, questions are left as to the U.S. having claims at all especially since Judd did not have the authority to annex any island to the U.S., besides to do so while being a subject of the Hawaiian Kingdom could be seen as TREASON, etc.
Note:
Dr, Gerritt Parmele Judd was treasonous as can be seen through his actions.
As a Hawaiian subject, could he legally annex an Island to a foreign nation.
According to the  1849/50 Treaty, the Nation should have delivered Judd as a Pirate, Pillager, etc. but instead the U.S. claimed Palmyra as theirs.

Informing many because..............
  
Something STINKS...............(.and I know it's NOT ME) WICKED TO THE MAX!
aloha.
   
Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 20, 2015 at 4:25pm
Delete
Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:07am
Delete
1858 -
No Sign of Palmyra Island on the Map:

The Pacific commercial advertiser. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1856-1888, August 26, 1858, Image 2

Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI

Persistent link: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1858-08-26/ed-1/s...

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:11am
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1859 - Ship Activity:

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, November 05, 1859, Image 2

Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI

Persistent link: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1859-11-05/ed-1/s...

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:21am
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Guano Movements 1859, etc.:

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, November 05, 1859, Image 2

Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI

Persistent link: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1859-11-05/ed-1/s...

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:22am
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October 19, 1859 at Palmyra and left for Honolulu the next day.....story printed November 1859:

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, November 05, 1859, Image 3

Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI

Persistent link: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1859-11-05/ed-1/s...

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:47am
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1860 - Baker's Island had a Governor assigned, Palmyra Island spoken about but not seen:

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, September 08, 1860, Image 2

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 7:54am
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1860 - another ship passed by Palmyra Island but never stopped.....hmmm:

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, November 17, 1860, Image 2

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 8:19am
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Fish at Palmyra?

Polynesian. (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844-1864, June 14, 1862, Image 3

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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 9:22am
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ebook:
http://labyrinth13.com/eBook-COPI.pdf  The CURSE OF PALMYRA ISLAND  by
"History: Under the Hawaiian Flag (Part I) The atoll received its name from the American vessel Palmyra under the command of Captain Sawle, who sought shelter there on November 7, 1802. On February 26, 1862, His Majesty, Kamehameha IV (1834-63), Fourth King of Hawaii (1854-63), issued a commission to Captain Zenas Bent and Mr. Johnson B. Wilkinson, both Hawaiian citizens, to sail to Palmyra and to take possession of the atoll in the king’s name."
Note:  No such Dr. Gerritt Parmele Judd entry claiming to Annex Palmyra Island to the U.S.
"On April 15, 1862, Captain Bent and Mr. Wilkinson landed in Palmyra and took formal possession of the atoll in accordance with the royal commission. Captain Bent sold his rights to Palmyra to Mr. Wilkinson on December 24, 1862. This deed was recorded in 1885 in the Royal Registry of Conveyances in Honolulu. It conveyed all of the captain’s: “Right, title and interest in and to all the property of whatever description now lying or situated on Palmyra Island (sic) in the Pacific Ocean, which island (sic) by a proclamation of His Majesty, Kamehameha IV, at present belongs to the Hawaiian Kingdom, and also all my right, title and interest in and to any partnership property that I may have an interest in as co-partner with the said Johnson Wilkinson.” After Mr. Wilkinson’s death on June 25, 1866, in New Zealand, the captain’s and Mr. Wilkinson’s rights passed to Kalama (Mrs. Johnson B.) Wilkinson through Mr. Wilkinson’s will, which was proved and registered in New Zealand and was later admitted to probate in Hawaii in 1898. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 277-78 (1947). After Mrs. Wilkinson’s death in 1885, two of her three heirs transferred all their rights, titles and interests in Palmyra to a Mr. Wilcox, who conveyed the same to the Pacific Navigation Company, which sent a married couple to live in Palmyra September 1885-August 1886."
Note:  On assignment by Kamehameha IV to take possession for the King, Bent and Wilkinson - the two persons who sailed claimed the islands for themselves, instead of Kamehameha IV, which means they were treasonous persons from the Hawaiian Kingdom.  Furthermore, the Palmyra Island belonged to Kamehameha IV, and his title supersedes all.
The Honorable Henry Ernest Cooper Sr. By a series of four conveyances between 1888 and 1911 the Pacific Navigation Company’s interests were transferred to the Honorable Henry Ernest Cooper Sr. of Honolulu. In 1892 the Annexation Club, a small group in Honolulu interested in Hawaii’s annexation to the United States, if no other measure served, held its meetings privately in the offices of Lorrin A. Thurston, Esq. The thought of such a group had originated with Judge Cooper. Long an ardent supporter of independence for Hawaii, Mr. Thurston had been forced to agree with Judge Cooper that it was wise not to promote annexation but to be ready to act if Her Majesty, Liliuokalani (1839-1917), Queen Regnant of Hawaii (1891-93), acted, in the group’s estimation, ultra vires. Judge Cooper served Saturday-Tuesday, January 14-17, 1893, as the Chairman of the Committee of Safety during the Hawaiian Revolution. On the morning of Sunday, January 15, 1893, the Committee of Safety met and decided to call a mass meeting on Monday, January 16, to ask it to confirm the appointment of the Committee of Safety and to authorize it to take whatever measures it might consider necessary to protect the public interest. The mass meeting held in the Honolulu Armory on Monday, January 16, was very large, enthusiastic and harmonious. The Committee of Safety, selected on Saturday, January 14, from the membership of the Annexation Club, was confirmed, including Judge Cooper’s chairmanship, and given power to “further devise such ways and means as might be necessary to secure the permanent maintenance of law and order and the protection of life, liberty and property in Hawaii.” On Monday afternoon the Committee, realizing that the community was in a state of unrest, requested the then American Minister to Hawaii, the Honorable John L. Stevens, to land a force from the U.S.S. Boston, then in the harbor. The Minister acceded to this request, and a body of sailors and marines came ashore late Monday afternoon. This force sent a guard to the American legation and found camping ground about where the present Federal Building in Honolulu now stands. The Committee of Safety next met on Monday evening, January 16, to consider the organization of a new government. Some sixty citizens attended.
On the morning of Tuesday, January 17, the Honorable Sanford B. Dole completed his duties at the Honolulu courthouse, wrote his resignation as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii and sent it to the Queen’s Cabinet. Justice Dole then went to the headquarters of the Committee of Safety and accepted the Committee’s appointment as President of the Provisional Government. Later that same day, from the steps of the Iolani Palace Judge Cooper read the proclamation abrogating the monarchy and establishing the Provisional Government. The proclamation appointed an executive body for the Provisional Government with Justice Dole as President and Foreign Minister. As the reading neared its end, a letter from President Dole announcing the Provisional Government’s actions was sent to the American Minister, Mr. Stevens, who responded with a letter recognizing the Provisional Government. The remaining diplomats and consuls in Honolulu received similar notification during Tuesday evening. Before dawn on Wednesday, January 18, President Dole had replies from almost all of them recognizing the Provisional Government.
Note:  Premeditation to take over the Hawaiian Kingdom has been documented.  Thurston was in Washington, D.C. meeting with Mott-Smith and Thomas Akaka planning the dethronement of the Queen.  President Harrison was also in collusion having secret mailings, meetings with Thurston, et. als.
U.S. Congress gave standing orders to take over as shown in newspaper article printed on January 9, 1893 ----the BOSTON made it's way through the Island chain by blowing off their cannons, etc.
see writings by Amelia Gora/articles/books and the premeditation newspaper articles found by researchersShane Lee, et als., etc.
Pearl Harbor Coaling Station:  Imperative Necessity that the United States Take Possession
and many other articles found...
The military left the ship on the 15th - causing duress upon subjects of a neutral, friendly, non- violent nation....they helped to dethrone the Queen on January 17, 1893.
History: Under the Hawaiian Flag (Part II) Mrs. Wilkinson’s third heir transferred his rights in Palmyra to a Mr. Ringer, whose children in turn transferred their rights in Palmyra to Judge Cooper in 1912. Mr. Ringer’s widow sold all her rights, titles and interests in Palmyra to Maui and Clarke in 1912. Judge Cooper petitioned the Hawaii Land Court in 1912 to confirm his title. Maui and
Clarke contested the petition and claimed to own Mrs. Ringer’s dower interest in an undivided one-third of the atoll. Through the Attorney General of Hawaii, the Land Court decreed that Judge Cooper was the owner in fee simple subject to Mrs. Ringer’s dower interest held by Maui and Clarke. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 278 (1947). Judge Cooper made short visits to Palmyra in 1913 and 1914, each lasting from two to three weeks; he built a house there in 1913. The judge’s house collapsed by 1938. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 280 and 283 (1947). By Captain Bent’s and Mr. Wilkinson’s actions the Fourth King of Hawaii acquired sovereignty over Palmyra, and the captain and Mr. Wilkinson obtained the private ownership of the atoll’s islands. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 265 (1947). The U.S. Supreme Court in 1947 was of the opinion that, where there was power in the king or the officials of his kingdom to convey a title to Palmyra to the captain and Mr. Wilkinson between the years immediately following its annexation to the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1862 and prior to many of the private conveyances occurring in Hawaii much later in the nineteenth century, the Anglo-American doctrine of “lost grant” may be applied. The Supreme Court presumed the conveying of such a “grant” to the captain and Mr. Wilkinson and the subsequent “loss” of the “grant.” United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 273 (1947). In order to apply the doctrine of “lost grant”, the possession must be actual, open and exclusive. The payment of taxes is important. No taxes were collected from those who claimed to be owners of Palmyra prior to the years 1885-87, when the Pacific Navigation Company paid taxes on Palmyra to the Kingdom of Hawaii. Assessments were made annually from 1911 until 1959, and taxes were paid regularly during those years to the Territory of Hawaii by the claimants to the property. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 273-75 (1947). It is apparent that, except for the royal grant from 1862, a paper title existed in Captain Bent and Mr. Wilkinson and their heirs. There is a record of the conveyances in Hawaii since 1885. Hence, there has been a claim of right to exclusive possession. That claim was manifested not only by transfers of paper title but also by the actual user of the property. The courts judge the sufficiency of actual and open possession of property in the light of the property’s character and location. Palmyra is admittedly an isolated place, whose possession need be less than continuous to form the basis of a claim. It is true that the AngloAmerican rule in applying the doctrine of “lost grant” requires an uninterrupted and long-continuing possession of a kind indicating the ownership of the fee. However, uninterrupted and long-continued possession does not require a constant, actual occupancy where the character of the property does not lend itself to such use. In addition, no
other private owner claims any rights in Palmyra. United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 279-80 and 281 (1947). History: Under the American Flag Palmyra was specified as one of the islands included in the Joint Resolution of the Congress of July 7, 1898, which annexed the Republic of Hawaii to the United States. [Vide Volume 30, Statutes-at-Large, page 750, et Senate Document No. 16, Fifty-fifth Congress, Third Session, page 4.] In 1912, at Judge Cooper’s suggestion, the then Governor of Hawaii asked the Secretary of the Interior to send an American vessel to Palmyra to confirm American sovereignty. Thus, on February 17, 1912, the U.S. Navy cruiser West Virginia under the command of Rear Admiral W.H.H. Southerland left Honolulu and returned on February 28, 1912, with the announcement that the cruiser’s officers had taken formal possession of Palmyra in the name of the United States on February 20-21, 1912. World War II During the 1940’s the U.S. Navy stationed six thousand sailors in the atoll. They dredged a seaplane runway which merged the atoll’s two western lagoons into one. A causeway was built on the remaining reef. At the same time, the sailors joined three of the islands into one and built a landplane runway about one mile long, which the U.S. Air Force used until 1961.
Palmyra Atoll was a part of the Territory of Hawaii (United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 266 (1947)) prior to Hawaii’s entering the Union on August 21, 1959. Before this date, the Territory of Hawaii provided law enforcement to Palmyra as a part of Hawaii. Inasmuch as the Congress expressly excluded Palmyra from the State of Hawaii by section 2 of the Hawaii Statehood Act (Public Law 86-3, March 18, 1959), legislation was required to provide for law enforcement. The Congress accomplished this by Public Law 86-3 (March 18, 1959), which extended the jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii to cases arising in Palmyra (Title 48, U.S. Code, section 644a). From August 12, 1898, until April 30, 1900, Hawaii (including Palmyra Atoll) was an unincorporated U.S. territory. On the latter date the Congress made the U.S. Constitution and all U.S. laws applicable to Hawaii (including Palmyra Atoll) as elsewhere in the several States and the District of Columbia. On April 30, 1900, Hawaii (including Palmyra Atoll) became an incorporated U.S. territory. Incorporation has been consistently interpreted as a perpetual state. Once incorporated, an area cannot be de-incorporated. So, when Hawaii (excluding Palmyra Atoll) was admitted as one of the several States, Palmyra remained and
continues to remain an incorporated U.S. territory. It is, in fact, of the fourteen U.S. insular areas, the only incorporated U.S. territory, that is, a Territory. Section 48 of the Hawaii Statehood Act continued to vest all executive and legislative authority necessary for the civil administration of Palmyra in the Secretary of the Interior, until the Congress provided for the government of Palmyra. Section 48 maintained that all judicial authority for the government of Palmyra other than that contained in Title 48, U.S. Code, section 644a, would continue to be vested as well in the Secretary of the Interior. Section 48 allowed that the Secretary might confer on the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii jurisdiction in addition to that contained in Title 48, U.S. Code, section 644a, and those judicial functions and duties which the Secretary deemed appropriate for Palmyra’s civil administration. Executive Order No. 10967 (October 10, 1961) restated that the Secretary of the Interior was responsible for Palmyra’s civil administration and all executive and legislative authority necessary for that administration and all judicial authority other than that contained in Title 48, U.S. Code, section 644a. Similarly, the order permitted the Secretary to confer on the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii jurisdiction in addition to that contained in Title 48, U.S. Code, section 644a, and those judicial functions and duties which the Secretary deemed appropriate for Palmyra’s civil administration. This executive order will continue in force until the Congress provides for Palmyra’s civil administration. Secretary of the Interior’s Order No. 2862 (March 16, 1962) gave the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii jurisdiction in the filing and recording of written muniments of title to land in Palmyra. Current Circumstances The Office of Insular Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, administers the atoll, whose islands remain privately owned. All but two of Palmyra’s islands are owned by the three brothers, Messrs. Leslie Vincent, Dudley and Ainsley Fullard-Leo, all of Honolulu. The brothers’ parents, Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Fullard-Leo, acquired title on August 19, 1922, to their islands from Judge Cooper for the purchase price of fifteen million (15,000,000) dollars. (1) United States v. Fullard-Leo, 331 U.S. 256, 279 (1947). The brothers’ spokesman is Mr. Leslie Vincent FullardLeo, whom one may reach him in Honolulu at 46090 Pu’ulena Street, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744. Judge Cooper died on May 15, 1929. His heirs retain the two islands which the Messrs. Fullard-Leo do not own, that is, two of the five Home Islands.
0 In July 1990 Mr. Peter Savio of Honolulu took over a lease on the atoll till the year 2065 and formed a corporation, the Palmyra Development Company. Mr. Savio intends to develop in the atoll residential areas and tourist spots that will emphasize a “get-away-fromit-all” lifestyle. Mr. Savio has said that he has an agreement with the atoll’s owners to buy the atoll for thirty-six million (36,000,000) dollars. Mr. Savio has carried the atoll’s for-sale listing since 1987. Except for rare, short-term travelers arriving by boat, the atoll is currently uninhabited. On January 20, 1995, the Honorable Elton Gallegly (Rep.- California), chair of the House Resources Subcommittee on Native American and Insular Affairs in the One Hundred Fourth Congress, introduced H.R. 602, the Omnibus Territories Bill of 1995. H.R. 602 provided in title III (the Insular Areas Consolidation Bill of 1995), sections 301-306, that the State of Hawaii should include Palmyra Atoll. Executive Order No. 10967 (October 10, 1961) restated that the Secretary of the Interior was responsible for Palmyra’s civil administration and all executive and legislative authority necessary for the administration and all judicial authority other than that which had been conferred on the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii. This Executive order will continue in force until the Congress provides for Palmyra’s civil administration. (2) On May 4, 2000, The Nature Conservancy announced their intent to purchase Palmyra. On November 20, 2000, The Nature Conservancy purchased Palmyra Atoll for $37 million, one of the most costly land acquisitions ever by a conservation group. On January 18, 2001, The US Fish and Wildlife Service gave Palmyra federal protection and created a national wildlife refuge surrounding all of Palmyra Atoll. Palmyra is now protected from any commercial development and exploitation. (3) Notes and Sources to the History of Palmyra: (1) Prior to the purchase of Palmyra by The Nature Conservancy, I corresponded with Ted Cooper who informed me that the 15 million dollar sale price figure was a typo and that the actual amount was really $15,000.00. (2) See alsowww.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/palmyrapage.htm. (3) Seewww.oneworldjourneys.com/expeditions/palmyra
About the Author Curt Rowlett is a researcher and writer with a penchant for the mystical, mysterious, and macabre. His work has appeared in the books Popular Paranoia, Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime & Conspiracy, Riding On Your Fears, and the magazines Fortean Times, Strange Magazine, Paranoia, and Steamshovel Press. He is also: a serious student of the paranormal and the unexplained, a former merchant marine who has traveled all over the world, an ex-rock musician, and a genuine southern gentleman. For more information, please visit: www.Labyrinth13.com
Note:  Treaties supersedes State, Federal Laws and the 1850 Treaty is a permanent treaty of friendship and amity.  Article XIV shows that pirates can be prosecuted and returned to their nation, and the claims to Palmyra Island is no different.  Both Captains Bent and Wilkinson were treasonous persons.
Documented premeditation activities by the United States in a concerted effort to dethrone the Queen is on record.
Additionally, the United States of America became officially bankrupt in 1871 and changed to the United States through a secret banker's constitution which also usurped American citizens.
This is what Karen Hudes- World Bank Whistleblower, Vladimir Putin- Russia's Leader, and Alana Fleischmann - JP Morgan banker had to say:
Vladimir Putin blew the whistle on the U.S. by informing all Americans that their government usurped them....Banker whistleblowers Karen Hudes of the World Bank https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgH14gCBfeA and Alayne Fleishmann has gifted All with the Truthhttp://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-9-b... see recent Vladimir Putin's speeches whereas he said Americans were usurped, etc. and see other info at http://theiolani.blogspot.com/2014/11/vol-v-no-52... ---WAR MONGERS have immense WAR DEBTS..... fyi C(h)attle ----- GOYIM Awaken! reckless, racketeering documented ...the offenders: treasonous persons moving to create WARS AGAINST INNOCENTS..........!!!
Lastly, the claimed incorporated territories made by the U.S. is one big shibai.  Hawaii was Not Annexed, the Palmyra Islands belongs to the Hawaiian Kingdom in the name of Kamehameha IV.
► 18:46
Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on September 25, 2015 at 9:24am
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